Dwon Example

Dwon Example Dwon â€" Essay Example >  In the late 80’s and early 90’s, Australia experienced pressures to reconfigure its workplace relations arrangements so that it can conform to neo-liberal notions of flexibility in the labour market. Significant reforms were made in the late 80’s and early 90’s. A series of reforms which include the Industrial Relations Reform Act 1993 and the Industrial Relations Amendment Act (1992, 1994) were introduced by the government that was in place, that allowed a collective agreement for individual enterprise and encouraged the spread of enterprise bargaining. In Australia, this was exacerbated by financial and trade liberalization. Since early 80’s, the government realized that Australia’s industrial relations were poorly aligned with the changes that were taking place in the country’s economy. Australia government undertook radical employment relations reforms in the late 80’s and early 90’s, followed by nearly a decade of adaptive change (Birmingham, 1997). After Labor government being in power for 13 year, a coalition government was elected (comprising of National Party and Liberal Party) in the general election of 1996. This coalition government was subsequently re-elected in 1998, 2001 and in 2004, before being defeated in Labor Party in the Federal elections that took place in 2007. Labour law policy and Industrial relations were critical aspects of the Coalition’s social and political platform throughout the coalition government was in power and in pursuance of these employment reforms the coalition government introduced legislations that touches on employment relations (Birmingham, 1997). During the period that the Coalition government was in-power, a stream of legislation that deals with employment relations were introduced, with the major changes were found in its Work Choices (or Workplace Relations Amendment) Act 2005 and its Workplace Relations Act 1996. Numerous arguments has been put forward about the rationales on the legisla tive changes, particularly in its 2005 form, which revolutionalised Australian labour law standards. These changes include the desire to make employers and workers for making arrangements in the workplace that suited them rather than such arrangements entrenched by employment or industrial tribunals, restore managerial prerogative, the desire to reduce the complexity of workplace regulation and associated costs upon employers, the desire to increase productivity, the desire to replace adversarial workplace relations with a more co-operative system and so on. These were some argument brought forward by the government to redistribute wealth from capital to labour to a system and protect workers which was also concerned with making businesses in Australia to be competitive ones. Non-standard work has long been a feature of employment relations and Australian labour markets. In the past, non-standard work was regulated through the award system. Hence, it was difficult for businesses in Australia to access to and organization of non-standard work, historically; it was not a simple matter of businesses or employer choice. But after the passing of Workplace Relations Act 1996, this position of non-standard work was changed considerably, and in return, employers were provided with incentives that enable them to engage with workers under different arrangements for non-standard work. Empirically it has been found that non-standard work have been on the rise since early 90’s, and has continued to rise after Workplace Relations Act 1996 legislation was introduced (Birmingham 1997). These changes into industrial relations were responsible to growth in temporary employment in the Australian service sector (Waring 2003). However, between 1980 and 1990, the labor government chose to adopt an adaptive approach to reforms in the labor market, the government encouraged, rather than imposed labour market flexibility. The key measures that were set by the government in the sa me period were designed to promote incidence of enterprise-level bargaining (Birmingham 1997).

Role of Media in Current Scenario - 2168 Words

Role of media in current scenario Outlines 1. Introduction 2. Media in Pakistan 3. Importance of media †¢ Creation Of Awareness †¢ Strengthen Democracy †¢ Promotion Of Tolerance And Understanding †¢ Attract The Attention Of Policy Makers †¢ Strengthen Relations With Other Countries †¢ Entertainment 4. Miracles of electronic media 5. Present situation of media 6. What should be the role of media in current scenario * Political awareness * Social awareness * Education * Religious clarification * Economic debate * Promotion of culture * Role of pamera Recommendation Conclusion When complaints are freely heard, deeply considered, and speedily reformed, then is the utmost bound of civil liberty†¦show more content†¦People express their problems and grievance through media which attract the attention of policy makers. In this way, media shapes the public opinion as a means of exerting pressure on government and policy makers. Media plays an extremely important role in transmitting the claims of social, economic and political movements to the decision-makers and the public. Media, through its various trends, colors and lifestyles, has brought the nations closer to each other. It depicts the religion and culture of the countries. It creates social harmony and understanding and promotes brotherhood. Various authorities and agencies utilize the power of media to spread informative messages to public like today in Pakistan an add â€Å"zara sochiay† is being used to promote the education.. This may include warning against a storm or epidemic (fast spreading disease), delay in arrival or departure of flights and trains, etc. In some cases, it is legally binding to publish notices in newspaper like tenders, change of property ownership, etc. Almost all business concerns use the power of media to sell their products. They advertise in media for the enhancement of business. Huge amount of money is invested for marketing of a product. The more attractive the advertisement, the more people will follow it. Last but not least function of media is that it provides entertainment andShow MoreRelatedThree Currents Affairs Affecting Public Services1483 Words   |  6 PagesCURRENTS AFFAIRS |Course Tutor – Ali Calthorpe |Year – 2012/2013 | |Unit – Unit 3 Citizenship and Diversity |Tutor – Ali Calthorpe | |Assignment Title – The media, current affairs and support within the public services | |Handout date – w/c 20/05/2013 |Submission date – w/c 03/06/2013Read MoreLabelling Society As An Agitated State Over The Phenomenon Of Sex Offenders1521 Words   |  7 Pagesaddresses three major themes of the influence of the media, the influence of residency restrictions and the impact of a negative public label which subsequently evokes a public reaction and presents difficulties in reintegrating sex offenders back into the community. Additionally, this literature review will argue the relevance of these themes in relation to the role of a police officer in scenario nine. The 24-hour news coverage cycle has kept media sources busy in search for stories to share withRead MoreWe Can, But Dare We?1409 Words   |  6 PagesWe Can, But Dare We? The rapid development of technology throughout modern society has initiated the widespread use of social networking. Social networking plays a positive role in healthcare when educating, communicating, or advertising. However, poor judgments have the power to turn this positive into negative and damage professional reputations. Griffith (2014) stresses the importance of understanding that protected health information is not a matter of open secrets. Whether a lawyer, doctorRead MoreThe Historical Reflection Of Anne Crimps Anne1298 Words   |  6 Pagescreates reflections of Anne through various medias such as photographs, videos, film scripts, suicide notes as well as personal belongings such as medicine bottles or her ashtray. The speaker’s testimonials include her family background, her professional and personal lifestyle. The information creates a memorial reconstruction of ‘Anne’ and her life. ‘Anne’ is also given the names Annie, Anya, Ann, Ann y and Annushka. She is represented through separate scenarios to be a terrorist, a drug-dealer, a suicidalRead MoreThe Media s Effect On Social Change916 Words   |  4 PagesThe next way that the media can hinder social change through the law, and perhaps the most problematic, is the role that the media takes in protecting large businesses. While the media highlights cases of extreme abuse of the system or people’s rights, they seem to stay silent when it it comes to exposing the abuses of their investors and other wealthy and powerful interests. A perfect example of this concept is with the role that large banks and investors played in the 2008 financial collapse. LargeRead MoreWe Can, But Dare We?. Vu H. Chau. Chamberlain College Of1481 Words   |  6 Pageshealthcare and personal devices will also be a major focus as well as object of debate for years to come. HIPAA, Legal, and Ethical The HIPAA, ethical, and legal concerns on the rubric provided scenario are all concerning the privacy of and safety concerns of the patient in question. In summary, the scenario paints a picture of a nurse on a seven p.m. to seven a.m. shift, not having a quiet night. At around two in the morning, the emergency medical services called to inform of an incoming patient.Read MoreCase Study : Who Is Your Community, And How Will You Get Them Interested? Essay934 Words   |  4 Pageswill you get them interested? My community will mostly be identify by low and middle class future and current students from all universities and colleges across North Carolina. The reason why I selected these people are, first, even though current students from low social class get pell grant, they still have to take loans from school to allow them afford for other school expenses. The same scenario also applies with middle class students. Then, the third people that will be included in my communityRead MoreMass Media And Gender In The 1950s752 Words   |  4 PagesMass media has influenced gender norms in the United States since the 1950’s when television became a household phenomenon. Per Jacqueline Coombs in an article titled Gender Differences in the Influence of Television on Gender Ideology, she asserts, â€Å"television is a powerful source in disseminating information and shaping opinion, exposing people from many different social settings to the same messages† (207). These messages can inf luence gender norms and reinforce personal gender identity. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Power of Media891 Words   |  4 PagesMedia has the power to strengthen the changes in our social, cultural, and political values. The improvement of media has increased the spread of ideas and has made communication more convenient. Television, Facebook, and Twitter are all considered mass medias because they provide people with entertainment, and it is where the flow of ideas is disseminated. In James Fallows essay, â€Å"Win in China!† he states that media encourages the Chinese to follow their dreams, such as becoming an entrepreneurRead MoreThe American Family Should Be Like The Cosby Show, A Social Message971 Words   |  4 Pages shows his dedication to trying to bring positivity to his listeners. He recognizes that hip-hop has some responsibility for the systematic problems that the black community has faced. And according to, Music.Mic, Hip-hop could have played a huge role in the death of Michael Brown, with a New York Times obituary implying that Brown s hip-hop aspirations somehow factored into Brown’s death. 5. In simple terms, a public relations nightmare is when someone’s ( a company as a whole or an individual’s)

The Biggest Myth About Religion Essay Topics Argumentative Exposed

The Biggest Myth About Religion Essay Topics Argumentative Exposed Your readers want to see the entire picture, and that's what you should concentrate on. Simply, you ought to aim to make them interested in furthering their discussion independently even when they are finished with the reading the writing. It is very important to get started with demonstrating the principal idea of the entire piece so you and your readers are going to be on the exact same page. Since you may see, there's a multitude of different argumentative paper titles you'll be able to utilize. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper will help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. If you own a list of strong and intriguing topics, you are going to have better likelihood of writing a compelling essay. If you decide on boring, bland or irrelevant topics, you aren't going to have an extremely prosperous paper. It is possible to download our sample essay papers at no cost. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most significant issue to do is to select a topic and an argument you can really get behind. With terrific arguments, it is going to be effortless to produce your standpoint. When you are requested to pick a great topic for your argument, start with something you're familiarized with. To earn argument logical emotions should not be regarded as as a tool. It's possible to restate your argument, which is a rather common practice amongst essayists. The student should investigate a topic, evaluate evidence, collect, generate, and set a standpoint on the subject in a powerful and concise way. Actually, the action of arguing involves providing proof to back up your claim, with or without emotions. What You Should Do to Find Out About Religion Essay Topics Argumentative Before You're Left Behind The role of assigning an essay to middle school students is to make awareness and permit them to develop writing skills. With proper main topics, they can reach good results. At various classes, they learn how to perform great articles. Too many students will select the previous stand-bys. Religion Essay Topics Argumentative Can Be Fun for Everyone If you don't have an urge to waste time on choosing the best topic and writing the entire argumentative essay from scratch, don't forget you have a loyal group of professionals by your side. It's possible to select an intriguing topic from any area of science. If you're struggling, you always have the option to obtain help by employing an essay writing service such as ours. Many students make the most of our title page generator. Religion Essay Topics Argumentative Fundamentals Explained There are lots of aspects about a sport that may be argued in an essay. In many professional contexts, respectful argumentation is the thing that leads to the growth of new suggestions and perspectives. You have to be able to use persuasive language. Where to Find Religion Essay Topics Argumentative The thesis gives you a guideline about how to go about with writing the essay. Your essay will be nice and interesting only as long as you're interested in the issue. If you must write your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. To locate argumentative essay topics easy on various platforms, you want to comprehend about the argumentative essay. When you are finished with your essay, you must not merely check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logical fallacies. Argumentative essays are a few of the best that you can write as a student. An argumentative essay is a certain sort of academic writing. All argumentative essays should have a conclusion paragraph. The Do's and Don'ts of Religion Essay Topics Argumentative One of the absolute most ideal domains to carry a research is on distinct religions and distinct beliefs. There's no point if one selects a topic that isn't even understandable. There are many procedures that may help you to select a topic. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points that you could counter to your own points. You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make sure you do your homework on what the recent laws about your preferred topic actually say. Around the world, immigration is a popular topic as countries suffer from war and financial disasters. It's possible to pick topics from several lists of ready themes. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. Want to Know More About Religion Essay Topics Argumentative? A number of potential paper's subjects allows students choosing the best ones employing personal wisdom and number of different explanations. Doing sports in college ought to be mandatory. Our crew of professional writers with the required experience and writing skills is always prepared to fulfill your demands and exceed your expectations. Another reason is to observe how well students argue on unique views and demonstrate understanding of the studied subject.

Great Fire of London Free Essays

The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London, from Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5 September 1666. [1] The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman City Wall. It threatened, but did not reach, the aristocratic district of Westminster, Charles II’s Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums. We will write a custom essay sample on Great Fire of London or any similar topic only for you Order Now [2] It consumed 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, St. Paul’s Cathedral, and most of the buildings of the City authorities. It is estimated that it destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City’s 80,000 inhabitants. 3] The death toll from the fire is unknown and is traditionally thought to have been small, as only six verified deaths were recorded. This reasoning has recently been challenged on the grounds that the deaths of poor and middle-class people were not recorded anywhere, and that the heat of the fire may have cremated many victims, leaving no recognisable remains. The Great Fire started at the bakery of Thomas Farriner (or Farynor) on Pudding Lane, shortly after midnight on Sunday, 2 September, and it spread rapidly west across the City of London.The use of the major firefighting technique of the time, the creation of firebreaks by means of demolition, was critically delayed due to the indecisiveness of the Lord Mayor of London, Sir Thomas Bloodworth. By the time large-scale demolitions were ordered on Sunday night, the wind had already fanned the bakery fire into a firestorm which defeated such measures. The fire pushed north on Monday into the heart of the City. Order in the streets broke down as rumours arose of suspicious foreigners setting fires.The fears of the homeless focused on the French and Dutch, England’s enemies in the ongoing Second Anglo-Dutch War; these substantial immigrant groups became victims of lynchings and street violence. On Tuesday, the fire spread over most of the City, destroying St. Paul’s Cathedral and leaping the River Fleet to threaten Charles II’s court at Whitehall, while coordinated firefighting efforts were simultaneously mobilising. The battle to quench the fire is considered to have been won by two factors: the strong east winds died down, and the Tower of London garrison used gunpowder to create effective firebreaks to halt further spread eastward. How to cite Great Fire of London, Papers

Sonnet and No Second Troy Essay Example

Sonnet and No Second Troy Paper In this essay Im going to be comparing two love poems. The two poems I will be comparing are Sonnet be Edna St Vincent Millay and No Second Troy composed by Irelands most famous writer, William Butler Yeats. I hope to look in detail at both poems and to be able to compare and contrast both pieces. Sonnet was written in 1917 be Edna St Vincent Millay. Edna St Vincent Millay was a middle class citizen born in Maine, America. She was very well educated and began writing poetry from the age of 15. Sonnet is a love poem structured around betrayal and depression, we can see this in the first line Time does not bring relief; you all have lied Here Edna St Vincent Millay is referring to the people that told her at the time of separation that things would get better in time and directly accuses a friend or family of lying to her. The first and second lines make use of enjambment which makes the poem flow, it gives the poem a slow rhythm to suit her emotions. Enjambment is used frequently throughout the poem. We will write a custom essay sample on Sonnet and No Second Troy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sonnet and No Second Troy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sonnet and No Second Troy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Who told me time would ease me of my pain! Millay uses an accusation tone here to show her emotions, which I believe suggests that she is unstable, as she wants to blame anybody apart from herself. Millay uses personification to display her emotions as the weeping of the rain which refers to her tears and also rhymes with pain in the previous line. She also uses personification in I miss him at the shrinking of the tide To say that she misses him when the tide is out which represents peace and quiet in this situation, tide rhymes with lied in the opening line of the poem. Edna St Vincent Millay compares there relationship with old snow. For example, The old snows melt from every mountain-side In my opinion melting snow is a perfect description as it represents their relationship in two ways: one is that snow melts representing their relationship disappearing, and secondly that snow is cold also representing their cold and non affectionate relationship. Millay describes their present relationship situation very cleverly by describing it as smoke. As the poet says, And last years leaves are smoke in every lane She uses a perfect description here again as smoke is almost non existent and like the melting snow in the previous lines it shows that the relationship no longer exists, but unlike the cold snow smoke resembles fire and heat which could mean that they had a fiery relationship. In the past four lines the poet has mentioned all four seasons, I think she has done this so that she can show the reader that she misses him all year round and that she still loves him. I believe that Edna St Vincent Millay is obsessed with him, a good example of this is, But last years bitter loving must remain Heaped on my heart, and my old thoughts abide Thins is a great example of compulsive behaviour as she admits that the love was bitter but its still better than nothing, Edna St Vincent Millay uses an oxymoron to emphasise on the bitter loving in my opinion this is used at exactly the right time as its showing the reader that she must accept a negative to experience a little glimpse of a positive one. There is also repetition with the words last year used in the previous line also. Enjambment is used once again here to give the poem a flow and a slow tempo to suit her emotions. I think that Edna St Vincent Millay has linked the octet to the sestet very cleverly, she uses the last five words of the octet to liken it to the sestet and to completely change her emotions. The octet is dominated by her wanting the love to be mutual but the last five words are about wanting to forget him which leads into the sestet which is dominated by her feelings and her efforts to forget him. You can observe this easily in the opening line, There are hundred places where I fear To go, so with his memory they brim! Edna Millay cant forget him, she wants to forget him but she cant, this proves my point from before the quotation. She also uses hyperbole to emphasis the fact that she cant go any were his memory does not exist. And entering with relief some quiet place Where never fell his foot or shone his face Here we can see that Edna Millay still thinks of him as divine, although not literally this is obvious when she says or shone his face. This shows that she still loves him. I find it intriguing that she uses the verb shone as this is sometime used when talking about a star or an angel, this could mean that she thinks, metaphorically that hes an angel. She continues to say that when she goes to a place where his foot has never fallen or where his face has never shone so she remembers him. I say, There is no memory of him here! And so stand stricken, so remembering him! The poem has a slow rhythm and uses imagery throughout and techniques such as enjambment, personification, sibilance, oxymoron and hyperbole. The second poem I will be comparing is No Second Troy. No Second Troy was written in 1910 by Irelands most famous writer, William Butler Yeats was born in 1865 and was brought up and educated in Dublin. William Butler Yeats had an interest in Irish literature from a very young age and was quoted as being the pillar in Irish literature. During Yeats early life he fell deeply in love with a lady called Maude Gonne, in 1901 Yeats proposed unsuccessfully for the third time, she saying that she would never marry. In 1903 much to Yeats dislike she married an Irish nationalist Major John McBride. William Butler Yeats, Maud Gonne and Major John McBride all shared one dream, Irish Independence. Gonnes obsession with the concept of Irish independence was much greater than Yeats. No Second Troy is a love poem built around the structure of love, violence and depression. The title suggests that Yeats compares Maude Gonne with Helen of Troy. The Poem begins with a rhetorical question Why should I blame her that she filled my days with misery I think he uses the rhetorical question here to tell the readers that Gonne wouldnt care if she had filled his days with misery and that all she cares about is Irish independence. Referring to one of my earlier points William Butler Yeats believes in what Gonne is fighting for but not the way shes doing it. As he writes, Or that she would of late Have taught most ignorant men most violent ways William Butler Yeats tells the reader that she is to blame for the IRA, when he says Taught to ignorant men most violent ways this could mean that she uses her beauty to entice people in to fighting for her, just like Helen of Troy. William Butler Yeats gives us his opinion on the IRA quite cleverly when he mentions violence, although he doesnt mention the IRA you still get his opinion, this is done very cleverly by Yeats. William Butler Yeats proves him self correct in saying that the way they are trying to get Irish independence is wrong when he says Or hurled the little streets upon the great This is a factual quote from No Second Troy, Yeats tells the audience that the British look down on the Irish. Yeats uses little to describe the Irish, I think he uses little to try and say that they are lower class compared to the British this can be seen easily when he calls the British great . But Yeats later goes on to say Had they but courage equal to desire. To me this is a very important quotation from the poem as he is saying if the Irishs courage was equal to their ambition they could be like the British, but it is as if he is giving advice because unlike before he is not running the plan down. Yeats wants Irish Independence and is trying to encourage the Irish by telling them that they can become great but they must fight. William Butler Yeats believes that violence isnt the way to gain independence. He wants Maud Gonne to fight for it in a civilized way, legally, this can be observed in the following lines. What could have made her peaceful with a mind That nobleness made simple as a fire. Butler Yeats says here that Gonne could have been happy if she would have done it without violence and did things politically and not violently and that her passion for Irish independence could have been achieved by doing it his way. Yeats goes back to talking about Maud Gonne in a very positive way- With beauty like a tightened bow, a kind That is not natural in an age like this Here you can see that Yeats is obsessed with Maud Gonne when he says that Gonnes beauty was not natural. We can see Yeats opinion of her was very impressive, in my opinion Yeats is telling the reader that her beauty is too good for earth, but after reading the next line you can see that unnatural beauty can come with consequences and be dangerous. Being high and solitary and most stern? Yeats tells the reader that Maud Gonne beauty has led her to arrogance and to an unhappy and emotionally lonely life. A reason for this could be that her obsession with independence has dominated her life and has mentally changed her. In my opinion William Butler Yeats changes from being desirable at the start of the poem to being a person looking back in hindsight, this can be seen in this following quote Why, what could she have done, being what she is? Was there another Troy for her to burn? From this quote you can see why I thought that he was looking back in hindsight, he looks back in hindsight and asks him self what could he or she have done to prevent the solitary and the sternest behaviour. When he says Was there another Troy for her to burn? I think he says this for two possible reasons, one being that she could ruin Ireland and that Troy would represent Ireland and Burn could resemble the fighting in Ireland. The other possibility is that she is like Helen of Troy and that she could become all cause of conflict. The poem begins with a rhetorical question and ends with a rhetorical question, this is just one of the numerous techniques used by Yeats an other technique that Yeats uses is enjambment, W B Yeats uses enjambment all throughout the poem to give it a medium pace rhythm. After reading and analyzing both Sonnet and No Second Troy I can finally compare and contrast. One of the many comparisons is that both poems have been subject of inspiration. Sonnet is inspired by Millay former partner as is Yeats poem. They are both based on the theme of love and both are heavily negative and slightly obsesive. For example this quotation from Sonnet proves just how eccentric her love for him is, last years bitter loving must remain. Both poets use enjambment frequently throughout the entire poems. Here is an example from No second Troy, WHY should I blame her that she filled my days With misery, or that she would of late Have taught to ignorant men most violant ways In my opinion enjambment has been very instrumental to both poets as it allows the poem to flow nicely and to control the rhythym and pace of the poem. For example, enjambment has been used here But last years bitter loving must remain Heaped on my heart, and my old thoughts abide! Here it is used to give the poem a medium paced rhythym and is very effective. Both poems use a small amount of hyperbole, a great example of hyperbole is in Sonnet where Millay says There are a hundread places where I fear to go. An example of hyperbole from No Second Troy is That nobleness made simple as fire. Although there are many comparisons between both poems there are also many differences. For example No Second Troy uses rhetorical questions where Millay Sonnet doesnt. I think rhetorical questions play a large part in Yeats poem as it brings more emotion to the poem. A good example of this is WHY should I blame her that she filled my days with misery?. An other difference is that Millay uses an oxymoron in Sonnet. In my opinion a good example of an oxymoron from Sonnet is But last years bitter loving must remain. I think the oxymoron shows strong emphasis on the ex-relationship status and gives us an insight on what the relationship used to be like. A big difference in both poems is the flow of the poems. This is mostly effected by the enjembments used and the rhyming scheme. Sonnet doesnt follow any rhyming scheme where as No Second Troy does. This has a large impact on the flow of both poems which are completely different. Sonnet flows much faster than No Second Troy making it much better to read.

The Scarlet Letter5 essays

The Scarlet Letter5 essays Hawthorne says that he writes to the whole world hoping that someone will understand what he is talking about. He goes on to speak about Salem, where his relatives have lived and died since its existence. Over time Salem has become more of an instinct to his family, and has tried to escape, but always come back. His children were not born in Salem because he wanted to break free of the tradition. He compares people to plants in that if you do not transplant, future crops will be ruined. He descries his forefathers as Puritans. They would not approve of his lifestyle as a writer because it is to unproductive. He then describes his return to Salem and his new job at the Custom House. His employees are elderly veterans that both amused and pained the author. After the men found out he meant no harm they relax and spend their time telling stories. Custom House Inspector- head leader of all custom houses, great physical condition despite of old age, but had no brains. His father put him into his position. He has no memories of experiences, only food. Collector- very old, strong spirit, his age has physically affected him, in war he was brutal, but now he wouldnt hurt a fly. Surveyor- more in contact with his thoughts than with the real world, motto: Ill try, sir!, described as a rusty sword Authors title: Surveyor of Revenue One rainy day he looks through old barrels of articles and finds a scarlet letter A and a document describing the life of Hester Prynne. He claims that these serve as documents of proof for his novel. (These were never found and were probably made up to give the novel a historical sense.) He decides to write a book based on this. He does his writing under moonlight or firelight. As he writes he realizes he must leave the Custom House. Its way of producing a stable life is addicting. It doesnt allow you to support you...

The Peloponnesian War - Causes of the Conflict

The Peloponnesian War - Causes of the Conflict Many excellent historians have discussed the causes of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE), and many more will do so in the future. Thucydides, however, wrote the most important contemporary chronicle of the war. Importance of the Peloponnesian War Fought between the allies of Sparta and the empire of Athens, the crippling Peloponnesian War paved the way for the Macedonian takeover of Greece by Philip II of Macedon and, following that, Alexander the Greats empire. Before the Peloponnesian War, the city-states (poleis) of Greece had worked together to fight off the Persians. During the Peloponnesian War, they turned on each other. Thucydides on the Cause of the Peloponnesian War In the first book of his history, participant-observer and historian Thucydides recorded the causes of the Peloponnesian War: The real cause I consider to be the one which was formally most kept out of sight. The growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon, made war inevitable.I.1.23 History of the Peloponnesian War While Thucydides seemed quite certain that he had settled the question of the cause of the Peloponnesian War for all time, historians continue to debate the origins of the war. The main reasons proposed are: Sparta was jealous of other powers and desired more power for itself.Sparta was unhappy at no longer having all the military glory.Athen bullied its allies and neutral cities.There was a conflict among city-states between competing political ideologies. Historian Donald Kagan has been studying the causes of the Peloponnesian War for decades. His 2003 book provides a detailed breakdown of the politics, alliances, and events that led to the war. Athens and the Delian League Many historical accounts make brief mention of the earlier Persian Wars, which undervalues their importance as a contributing factor to the later war. Because of the Persian Wars, Athens had to be rebuilt and it came to dominate its group of allies politically and economically. The Athenian empire started with the Delian League, which had been formed to allow Athens to take the lead in the  war against Persia, and wound up providing Athens with access to what was supposed to be a communal treasury. Athens used these communal funds to build up its navy and, with it, its importance and power. Spartas Allies Earlier, Sparta had been the military leader of the Greek world. Sparta had a set of loose alliances by means of individual treaties that extended to the Peloponnese, excepting Argos and Achaea. The Spartan alliances are referred to as the Peloponnesian League. Sparta Insults Athens When Athens decided to invade Thasos, Sparta would have come to the aid of the north Aegean island, had Sparta not suffered a natural disaster. Athens, still bound by alliances of the Persian War years, tried to help the Spartans, but was rudely asked to leave. Kagan says that this open quarrel in 465 BCE was the first between Sparta and Athens. Athens broke off the alliance with Sparta and allied, instead, with Spartas enemy, Argos. Athens Gains an Ally and an Enemy When Megara turned to Sparta for help in its boundary dispute with Corinth, Sparta, which was allied with both city-states, declined to come to their aid. Megara broke its alliance with Sparta and proposed a new one with Athens. Athens needed a friendly Megara on its border since it provided gulf access, so it agreed in 459 BCE. Doing so, unfortunately, set up lasting enmity with Corinth. About 15 years later, Megara joined back up again with Sparta. Thirty Years Peace In 446 and 445, Athens, a sea power, and Sparta, a land power, signed a peace treaty. The Greek world was now formally divided in two, with two hegemons. By treaty, members of one side could not switch and join the other, although neutral powers could take sides. Historian Kagan writes that, for possibly the first time in history, an attempt was made to keep the peace by requiring both sides to submit grievances to binding arbitration. Fragile Balance of Power A complicated partially ideological political conflict between Spartan-ally Corinth and her neutral daughter city and strong naval power, Corcyra, led to Athenian involvement in Spartas realm. Corcyra appealed to Athens for help, offering to Athens the use of its navy. Corinth urged Athens to remain neutral. But since Corcyras navy was powerful, Athens was concerned that it would fall into Spartan hands and disrupt whatever fragile balance of power the city-states were maintaining. Athens signed a defense-only treaty and sent a fleet to Corcyra. Fighting ensued and Corcyra, with Athens aid, won the Battle of Sybota against Corinth in 433. Athens now knew that direct battle with Corinth was inevitable. Spartan Promises to Athens Ally Potidaea was part of the Athenian empire, but also a daughter city of Corinth. Athens feared a revolt, with good reason, since the Potidaeans had secretly acquired a promise of Spartan support, to invade Athens, in violation of the 30 years treaty. Megarian Decree Athens former ally, the polis Megara, had allied with Corinth at Sybota and elsewhere, and Athens, therefore, put a peacetime embargo on Megara. Historians are not clear on the embargos effects, some saying that Megara was merely made uncomfortable, while others claim that it set the polis on the brink of starvation. The embargo was not an act of war, but Corinth took the opportunity to urge all allies disaffected with Athens to pressure Sparta now to invade Athens. There were enough hawks among the ruling bodies in Sparta to carry the war motion. And so the full-fledged Peloponnesian War began. Sources Kagan, Donald. The Peloponnesian War. Viking, 2003Sealey, Raphae. The Causes of the Peloponnesian War. Classical Philology, vol. 70, no. 2, April 1975, pp. 89-109.Thucydides. The History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Richard Crawley, J.M. Dent and Sons, 1910.